American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson

It was a fascinating read; not a biography of Jefferson or a history of of what he did, more an analysis of what he thought and believed and what his influences were. It's well worth the read if you're interested in one of our most enigmatic, and perhaps paradoxical founding fathers.

There are few books I have anticipated reading as much as "American Sphinx". I devoured Joseph J. Ellis's Pulitzer winning masterpiece, Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation during my long awaited trip to America, where I visited many of the historical places of the American Revolution and Civil War. Reading about the Adams-Jefferson meeting in Philadelphia's Market Street, while in a hotel room only a few blocks away was exhilarating. The Independence Visitor Center bookstore contains many books about the American Revolution, and I was mighty tempted to buy Ellis's biography of the Philosopher King from Monticello. Finally, my semi-principle of breaks between books by a single author won the day. Only three months later did Amazon deliver "American Sphinx". Ellis's biography of Thomas Jefferson is not as good a book as "Founding Brothers". I am not a big reader of biographies, so that may be part of it, but there is less content here than in "Founding Brothers". The latter book is shorter and has a wider scope, and for the most part, the more in debt look on Jefferson doesn't give comparable insight. But "American Sphinx" is a very, very good book. We encounter Jefferson in five periods of his life: Drafting the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia, watching the burgeoning French Revolution while trying in vain to promote American interests in 1780s Paris, Congealing the Anti-Federalist opposition from his rectitude in Monticello, Mastering American destiny in his first term as President of the United States, and Spending his last years in retirement, debt, and construction of the University of Virginia from 1816 to 1826. In all of the chapters, Ellis avoids strict chronology for a theme based approach, discussing political event (his opposition to Federalism, the Louisiana purchase), personal life (his did-they-or-didn't-they romance with Maria Cosway, quarrels and friendship with John Adams, and of course, the Sally Hemings scandal), interests (primarily architecture), and political philosophy (strangely Whiggish and unrealistic). I think the Jeffersonian Mind, as described by Ellis, is the most extraordinary element of his character. Some people held Jefferson to be a hypocrite, adapting his message to different audiences. Ellis, though, sees it as a capacity for self delusion. Jefferson had a "deep distaste for sharp disagreement and [a] bedrock belief that harmony was nature's way of signaling the arrival of truth" (p. 106). This capacity for self delusion allowed him to lead a political party while claiming that "If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all" (quoted on p. 124), it allowed him to deny having hired James Callander to character assassinate John Adams, even as he did exactly that, and most famously of all, it effected his treatment of slavery. The counterpoint of Jefferson dislike of argument was that he saw a great dichotomy between those on his side and the other side. Jefferson saw the world in moral absolutes, the constant clashes of Good vs. Evil, with himself conveniently on the side of the angels. Fighting George III's despotism and opposing the Federalists was part of the same struggle - of the "Pure Republicans" against the consolidationist, aristocratic monarchists. That was always a strange position for the Aristocratic Jefferson to adopt, and always only tenuously connected with reality - but never less so then in his final years, when he had to cast in the role of the enemies the Northern opposers of the expansion of slavery. Jefferson managed to do just that. Although he had proposed abolition of slavery throughout the territories of the Unites states back in the 1780s, and although he was responsible for the Louisiana purchase of 1803, Jefferson nonetheless saw the Missouri Crisis as a "fire bell in the night" (quoted on p. 306). New York Congressman James Tallmadge's proposal to prohibit slavery in Missouri as a condition for its admission as a state was merely a "party trick". Northern politicians cynically took "advantage of the virtuous feelings of the people" as a new cover in the quest for power, consolidation and despotism. The angels were on the side of the lash. For me, one of the most intriguing things of Jefferson is this image - Jefferson the genuine radical, who could sincerely maintain his cherished illusions regardless of reality. Of all the Founding Fathers, Ellis, suggests, Jefferson was the most radical one, believing in the true exercise of popular democracy, and of an eternal struggle between Good and Evil, of which he was the ultimate judge. This is the Jefferson who boldly states: "The tree of Liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants" (on p. 118). For all of its egalitarian and radical potential, the American Revolution was headed by pragmatic and practical leaders who led it towards stability and triumph. But neither in temperament nor in thinking was Jefferson one of them. Had he been born in another time, at another place, would Jefferson have been not an American Sphinx, but an American Lenin?

Author Joseph J. Ellis is a fantastic writer, conscious of prose, and not afraid to liberally showcase it. With American Sphinx he gives us a critical and contrarian look at one of our most beloved founding fathers, Thomas Jefferson. This book does not seek to change the reader's mind about it's subject but rather offer a deeper understanding of him. It shows Thomas Jefferson in a light most scholars have been afraid to shed. Ellis's treatment of Jefferson is honest, frank, sincere, and most importantly, well-rounded. What he has done in American Sphinx is commendable and deserving of sterling longevity. Ellis is a historian who is unintimidated and is prepared to ask certain forbidden questions. This is not to say that Ellis makes Jefferson out to be anything less than what he is; an American hero. He just allows us the good fortune found in candid intimacy and honesty paramount to fully understanding him. And it is a critical honesty that most scholars have kept to themselves. Speaking personally, I completely support Jefferson's radical utopian views, I find them sound and inherently emblematic of all I hold dear. His stance on generational sovereignty is something I believe in with all of my heart, being, and soul. I believe that Jefferson was not only a prophetic man, but a figure of brilliant and timeless ideologies. One of the greatest philosophically political minds America has ever known. Now, I don't need a book to agree with my every sentiment. I don't need an author to tell me I'm right. What I need from a book, about an already well-covered subject, is something new and something different. Sometimes I need to be shown the opposition. Ellis has made quite a handful of Jeffersonians upset with American Sphinx. It's not just because he claims that Jefferson's more radical beliefs were baseless, even though he often does categorize them as such, it is because Mr. Ellis makes a damn good argument to the popular contrary. He hasn't changed my views, not even in the slightest, but it wasn't his goal to try to change them at all. Jeffersonian readers need to come down off the defensive and allow for rationality to enter the realm of contemporary scholarship. The goal of Ellis was not to kick dirt on Jefferson's legacy. His goal was to analyze and inquire. His critical look at the foundation of American radicalism was a civil and welcome glance that was taken into kind consideration. An eloquent book about principality and masks and several truths. In the words of it's author, "All I can say in my defense is that the subject of the chapters that follow, while great, is not a statue".

This work by Ellis humanizes Jefferson showing us the positive and negative aspects of his character without judging him by our modern standards but helps us realize his manner of rationalizing in the context of his times. Because of this book, I was able to relate to and understand Jefferson better. Thomas Jefferson was a brilliant man and ever the idealist. As other commentaries have suggested, this biography only highlights certain events in the life of Jefferson that help us understand the thinking and character behind the myth that we Americans have created around our Founding Fathers but it doesn't diminish the importance of Jefferson either in the American pantheon. I highly recommend this book! I will forever look at Thomas Jefferson in a different light and with greater respect thanks to Joseph Ellis.

Excellent book about the greatest of all American Presidents (with the possible exception of F.D.R.)

Livre important pour comprendre l'histoire des Etats-Unis, mais évidement l'auteur n'aime pas Jefferson pour ses idées radicales. Ellis joue au psychologue, pas grand historien, et attaque le idéalisme, romantisme, motivation et caractère de son sujet. Dommage que cet historien n'est pas plus sage de point de vue philosophique.

Book took ages to arrive and when it did, it was a completely different title!?

This book is neither extraordinarily well written nor extraordinarily well argued. Nevertheless it is readable and most of its conclusions appear plausible. The title "The character of Thomas Jefferson" is slightly misleading as Jefferson's political philosophy and how it was rooted in his personality and influenced his political actions and decisions is the actual subject of the book. Being already familiar with the basic facts of Jefferson's life appears to be a useful requisite for reading it.